Cost Effectiveness for Smoking Cessation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cost Effectiveness for Smoking Cessation - Essay Example Along these lines, it is sufficient to begin with one cartridge and use it. Maybe, you won't need the following one. The time of use is diverse as each smoker applies distinctive number of cigarettes. That is the reason it is difficult to design the utilization of electronic cigarettes for everyone. It ought to be noticed that every one of my members were from New York. There were the two guys and females to take an interest in my examination. Nonetheless, their age was extraordinary. Specifically, the time of members was 19-70. I believe that this mediation ought to be made the accompanying way. Each individual ought to get such a large number of chances to smoke electronic cigarettes as he/she needs to have for conventional smoking. In two-three months it is important to check the outcomes. I feel that here it is smarter to utilize meeting the members to become more acquainted with in the event that they began smoking less. Smoking end by methods for electronic cigarettes shares mu ch for all intents and purpose with another strategy to surrender this negative behavior pattern. It is nicotine gum. It is even conceivable to analyze these two kinds of smoking end. If there should be an occurrence of nicotine gum an individual is approached to utilize a unique gum rather than a customary cigarette. As indicated by the smoker’s perspective (he attempted to quit any pretense of smoking with the assistance of nicotine gum), he utilized the gum during eight months and got dependent on it. Along these lines, it is hard to state if this technique is superior to continuing smoking customary cigarettes. The measure of nicotine in them is less, yet at the same time it might prompt malignant growth and nicotine reliance. That is the reason I don't encourage to utilize nicotine gums. It is smarter to apply electronic cigarettes. It ought to be focused on that the examination is significant. As a matter of first importance, it is cultural. It assists with getting more data about the impact of smoking discontinuance by methods for electronic cigarettes. In this way, it helps individuals from our general public to be educated about electronic cigarettes and their adequacy. The expense of the examination isn't high. No extra hardware was required as individuals were simply met. All outcomes were gotten with the assistance of talking and smokers’ inputs. It worked out that few individuals figured out how to quit any pretense of smoking by methods for electronic cigarettes. There were basically no immediate and aberrant expenses during the time spent examination. A little measure of cash was spent by me on passes to head out to individuals for talking. There might be two potential responses to the inquiry with respect to the time skyline required for this exploration. From one perspective, it isn't important to direct a long-lasting exploration on the off chance that you need just to get data about smokers’ input after use electronic ci garettes. Then again, it additionally can be a lifetime research, on the off chance that you need to get however much data about electronic cigarettes as could reasonably be expected. Everything changes rapidly these days. It concerns different strategies made for smoking suspension too. The structure and capacity of electronic cigarettes might be changed in future. That is the reason it is a smart thought to direct a lifetime investigate and break down the quirks of new patterns in this field. It is important to accentuate that just for this situation the exploration will be successful and determine whether it is worth to apply electronic cigarettes to quit any pretense of smoking until the end of time. The information for exploration can be found with the assistance of the accompanying ways. Web sources TV interpretations Newspaper articles Interviews with smokers Interviews with individuals who utilize electronic cigare

Custom Term Paper Writing Services

Custom Term Paper Writing ServicesWhat are the custom term paper writing services? These services are actually done for a number of reasons. The reason can be for research papers, thesis, correspondence essays, thesis writing, dissertations, technical and language composition, social science, executive summary, e-textbook, etc.In this article, I will discuss the custom term paper writing services. I will start by explaining what customization is. Customization is when you are given a term paper that is different from what you had originally planned to do. This paper is actually different because it has been made to fit the requirements of the reader.For example, in custom term paper writing services, the writer will customize the paper according to the requirements of the applicant. The applicant may have sent the applicant a lot of papers about their own project that they have written. The writer will help the applicant make a better proposal that meets the needs of the project. So when they do not get a good result in the first time round, they can easily do it the second time and get the desired result.Another benefit of custom term paper writing services is that it helps in decreasing the time required in writing the paper. As the writer has his own writing style and he can easily make changes without having to change the theme of the paper. He can try out different concepts before starting with the paper and so there will be no need to hurry in writing the paper. There will be some room for creativity.The term paper writing services can be very useful to those who want to do their own report and not rely on someone else for writing the report. It will also help in increasing the traffic to their site. You can also use the custom term paper writing services to improve your academic standing.This type of service is preferred by many students as the student is in the position to tweak the term paper according to the academic requirements. By this way, the stu dent gets a better academic report that will increase his grade point average and his GPA.Custom term paper writing services are important for academic institutions and universities. The only thing that you have to do is to provide them with your work. They can work on your paper after fixing a fee. As there are a number of schools and universities that offer customized term paper writing services, it will help you choose the best one.If you want to make your term paper customized, you should always consult an expert. Many people do not know about the right way to write their paper. This is the reason why the professional help people in writing their term papers.

Cause and effect AID free essay sample

There are numerous elements that cause Acquired invulnerable insufficiency condition (AIDS). Helps is an illness brought about by an infection called HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus). Above all else, HIV is brought about by engaging in sexual relations through unprotected sex with an individual who has tainted by HIV. HIV might be transmitted through unprotected hetero or gay, vaginal, butt-centric, or oral sex. The primary courses of transmission are unprotected vaginal and butt-centric sex. Other than that, one can be contaminated with HIV through blood transmission. Sharing needles and reusing syringes that tainted with HIV-contaminated blood may cause blood transmission starting with one then onto the next. In the greater part of the cases, this occurrence happens when there is sharing and reusing needles among sedate clients. Moreover, HIV might be transmitted if there is utilization of defiled careful instruments or types of gear and blood transfusion with tainted blood during clinical treatment or activity. It could happen when human services laborers are associated with needle prick mishaps. We will compose a custom paper test on Circumstances and logical results AID or on the other hand any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page In addition, one of the approaches to be contaminated with HIV is through mother-youngster transmission disease. This is where moms who are tainted by HIV are in danger of giving the infection to their child during pregnancy and conceiving an offspring procedure. Other than that, HIV transmission can happen during breastfeeding by a contaminated mother also which is called vertical transmission. Impacts of AIDS makes harm the human body from multiple points of view. Helps decreases the capacity of the tainted individual to battle different sicknesses. HIV disease causes AIDS just as various medical issues. HIV disease influences numerous organs of the body, including those inside the resistant, gastrointestinal, mucosal, respiratory and neurological frameworks. Most importantly, HIV infection influences the insusceptible framework as the infection assaults lymphocytes called T cells. These T cells likewise called as CD4 are fundamental for battling infection causing germs. At the point when CD4 T-cells are tainted, the check of T cells in the end diminishes in the collection of patient, it gets helpless to contaminations. Other than that, HIV disease that caused AIDS likewise adds to weight impacts. Individuals who tainted HIV may lose muscle and fat where they are hard to recover the weight once they lost their weight. Complete loss of hunger is additionally one of the side effects which may cause fast weight losing or the runs which can prompt lack of hydration. Helps squandering condition is one of the worry for HIV patients where they misfortune their 10 percent or a greater amount of their body weight. Introduction of contention The primary explanation that causes AIDS is through having unprotected sex. Unprotected sex is a term used to portray butt-centric or vaginal sex without a condom. As indicated by Health Protection Agency, most instances of HIV in the UK are brought about by having sexual contact. HIV transmits through unprotected gay or hetero, vaginal, butt-centric, or even oral sex. HIV moves from a body liquid of contaminated individual into the body and circulatory system of their sexual accomplice during sexual contact. HIV can be transmitted by means of fragile and spongy mucous skin of penis, vagina, covering of rectum and some of the time mouth and throat also. HIV contamination doesn’t happen each time unprotected sex happens. Be that as it may, it could happen whenever unprotected sex happens. As indicated by researchers, a contaminated individual will transmit HIV to their accomplice once in each multiple times they have unprotected sex. Along these lines, the more individuals one has unprotected sex with, the more possibilities HIV disease can passes on. There are various types of sexual practices as indicated by relative dangers. Sexual practices, for example, masturbation, kissing, contacting, oral sex on a man with condom or oral sex on a lady with a hindrance technique may cause HIV contamination at an exceptionally generally safe though butt-centric intercourse wand vaginal sex without a condom may cause HIV disease at high hazard. It is conceivable to get HIV through unprotected oral sex, yet the hazard is a lot of lower. The danger of HIV transmission through oral sex will be higher if the individual giving oral sex has mouth ulcers, wounds or draining gums as well as if the individual getting oral sex has been as of late tainted with or another explicitly transmitted contamination.

Management Issues with Communication

Management Issues with Communication Management Issues with Communication There are many issues that any manager and especially a manager involved in a large company has to contend with. Many of these problems arise from different factors which determine how well the company will run. Some of these factors include the effects of the size of the company on the structure which is maintained or is to be maintained by the manager. The type of information system to be used by the company is also almost always a problem considering the huge debate around which method best enables the company to run smoothly. Technology is one major hurdle that the management has to deal with, considering it changes overnight, and yet its need to be used in the management structures cannot be overlooked. There is also the setback brought about by the changes that are occurring in the company or rather the organizational change which might be undertaken might prove to be a problem for the management. This is because an organization is a complex structure which requires that the change is carried out in a particular manner such that the company in question is not negatively affected and the transition is not that bad. These are some of the problems that many managers have to contend with in their profession with many looking for clear ways of solving these issues without a glitch. The aim of this paper will be to address these issues in a step by step mode which will allow us to understand how many of these queries can be dealt with efficiently. We are going to do this by looking at each problem on its own and understanding how the problem comes about and what methods would best suite any manager in solving them. We are also going to look at some examples of how a few companies have dealt with some of these problems such as the problem of internal business communication. Part 1: John Caudwell Case In this case, John Caudwell is the founder of Phones 4 U. He is requested by his retail managers to end the use of internal emails in the company, and after consultations with the staff, he decides to secede the use of internal emails. This is just one case of a company which has decided to end the use of this mode of communication between staff members. The question which comes to mind is why one would want to end this mode of communication, considering it seems to be quite effective in its use. The use of internal emails has several advantages, which is why they are employed in many companies. Such advantages include the fact that information in the company becomes real time and the excuse that one did not read the memo becomes obsolete. The use of instant messaging allows workers to communicate at a much faster rate than without it, since it cuts out the need to send someone physically to others to give a particular message. The use of these messages is also less bothersome to the workers than using these physical methods or even using the telephone, not to mention that at the end of the day, it becomes much cheaper for both the company and the person. Real time emails are less tiresome in comparison with these factors as well, since it cuts the need to move from the work station for anything, which would be an advantage with the increasing of efficiency and the amount of work being covered by a single person. However, the email has also brought with it some controversy within companies where the members send each other emails which latter on prove to be detrimental to their careers. There is also the inception of much easier tools to be used. Some of the companies that have taken down the use of internal emails point to the fact that many of the people in their offices were not using these email method anymore, and were in fact using tools such as instant messaging tools and internet social networks for this purpose. This makes the need for the system in the offices obsolete. There are others who claim that these internal emails may not be serving the main purpose they were meant to. The main reason most companies implemented the use of these emails was to increase productivity through ensuring efficiency which comes with increased communication. This may not be the case as some members use the emails for other factors apart from the ones that they are meant for. This ends up even reducin g the efficiency the internal emails were meant for in the first place. There are several companies which have shocked the business world by banning the use of internal emails at their workplace permanently. One of the most publicized examples is the information technology services company, Atos. The company made good its threat to ban the use of internal emails earlier on in the year by making good this threat and implementing it. This not only brought forward the debate of whether this mode of communication in the office was still relevant or if it had been surpassed by time. Some people were of the thought that this move would be a very bad idea, with some even describing it as stupid. This is due to the challenge that comes with ensuring it is fully implemented. Many have heralded the move by the company boss, Mr. Thierry Breton, as being a game changer, either in the company’s future, or in the future of the email use. Success for this would mean that the use of emails not only in the office would be reduced, but also in the day to day lives of many. Failure on the other hand would mean that the company, which gives technological advice to other companies by the way, cannot live up to its word in the same industry it is expected to give advice on. Its implementation will not be a simple feat considering the company is stretched out to over 42 countries and is involved with high profile companies such as Fiat, Philips and Reuters. Mr. Breton notes several reasons for carrying out this change in the company. First of all, he thinks the implementation of this process will increase the quality of work conditions at the company. The strategy follows the thoughts that most of the people working at the company are younger generation workers who do not require the use of emails. Most of these people conduct the same tasks expected of the emails via instant messaging and social networks. With their use of these different tools, on joining the company, they have to adapt to the use of the new system, which most of them have not worked with before. Mr. Breton also notes that most of his workers were spending a lot of time on these internal emails with very little time on management issues. On conducting a research at their work station on the number of emails the employees were receiving per day, they found out that the average was about 100 emails in a day. On a weekly basis, most of the workers would spend about 15 to 20 hours reading and replying their mails. Another company that has been trying to rid its offices from the use of internal emails is the Notebooks and GottaBeMobile. The company’s story is not very different from the Atos story, with the reasons given by the Atos Company also coming up within this company. The CEO also felt that the use of emails led to too much spam or aimless mails in ones email, factors which led to the increase in time wastage. Both these two companies offer a good example of the changing working environment which requires that the organization keeps in touch with the changing technology for office use. There are several tools that have come up which are considered a good source of fresh technology for companies which intend to shift from the use of internal emails. Communication in the office is of utter most importance and coming up with a different types of communicating means that the new tool has to be more efficient than the internal emails. There are of course the network brands such as Yammer which offer a social network for an organization, allowing for one to send messages to a particular person, a group of people or even the entire team. Tools such as Google Docs allow the effective working of different parties at different locations on the same document, which basically allows the company workers to work on much bigger projects in comparison to tools such as Yammer. For talking purposes, there is the use of tools such as Google Talk, a tool which allows the company workers to talk either one on one or in a group chat. The inception of such tools into the work place makes matters much easier while eliminating all the unnecessary stuff such as spam. A lot of time is saved since most of these tools are only used when there is need to do so, unlike in emailing where people spend more time emailing to each other. Part 2: Management Structures Verses Company Size and Technology The management of an organization is very important because it enables the distribution of tasks to members’ within the organization which enables them to operate. Every company has its own goals and expectations, and there is a person tasked with enabling them to get to their goals done. Management structures are the systems which are set up by the company to enable the distribution of responsibility to the various members of the organization. Every organization requires a structure, though this is variable with some features which are not constant. Structures are highly dependable on factors such as size of the company, the goals of the organization as well as some of the tools which they use to carry out various processes in their company. Size of the company highly matters when it comes to deciding the kind of structure the company is going to incorporate. The size of the company is probably the biggest determinant of this, and it being so, ahs to be keenly observed to ensure that size does not meddle with the company’s goals. A small organization or business does not need to have a complicated structure. This is in accordance with the requirements that are brought about by the structure itself. Management structures are important for the duties to be relegated to each particular individual in the company. This means that if the company is small, there is no need for much relegation, with the responsibilities being shared out easily. In such cases, the responsibilities do not necessarily have to be given out as with the experience and expertise, but look at different aspects such as the availability of each person and likes. Small businesses do not require a formal management system and this being so, it may me an that the organization does not have very strict rules and guidelines to be followed. As a matter of fact, the rules which exist in these organizations are usually meant to enable the decision making process for the workers in the organization. These systems are usually referenced with organic systems. In smaller organizations, technology is not a problem. In much larger organizations, things are not as easy and straightforward as in the smaller ones. Larger organizations are much more complicated and their structures are much more different, needing more work to be put in place. Here, technology also becomes a much more complicated issue as well since it plays a major role in how the company is going to run. There is greater need to think clearly of the structure that one wants to implement in this bigger companies due to the complexity of the numbers (Drinan, pg 73). The main reason for bigger companies being tricky in how they are influenced by size is the factor that in a big organization, there is much more to be done. The structure is meant to increase efficiency through ensuring that work at the company is distributed to the right people, there is the need to be very selective with the staff. Bigger companies are complex in a few features in the structure. First of all, there is the difference in the ownership of such big companies. This difference in ownership usually provides the difference in the hierarchy of power, where the decision making process is dependent on several factors. In privately owned companies, the shareholders have the say on matters which concern the company. The top of the company is therefore chaired by these people, who are also the people responsible for controlling the top management. For a government-owned company, it is much different in management structure at the helm, with government officials holding the powe r of choosing whoever runs the company. The bigger companies also have more work to be relegated, plus every other aspect of the company is bigger. These companies have bigger revenues and income, more workers, a lot more need for bigger production, and they are more in place to expand. The size of the company thus plays the role where all these features determine a more complex management structure. There is the need to fill these positions with people and knowhow, which means that the process of coming up with workers in itself requires people to carry out (Human Resource Department). Formality is keen in these organizations where one is expected to strictly adhere to the rules and regulations of the workplace while ensuring that the power hierarchy is followed when dealing with any matter. There is a lot of specialization in such organization, which means that everyone is tasked with a particular task for which they were employed. With the hierarchy of power being very strict, information moves from up the ladder towards the subordinate staff, with the superiors holding power to ensure responsibility as well as control in the work place. The structure of the organization is greatly dependent not only on the size, but the technology which is used. There is a clear association between the two, with the line not being as clear as to which influences the other more between size and technology of the company. As seen earlier, size of the company means that the technology that is used has to be capable of incorporating the required prowess such that it becomes reliable to all the members. Thus we can agree that size of the company is used as a main determinant when an organization is looking for technological systems used in the company. When talking about technology though, there is a complication which arises with the identification of exactly what the effect of the technology has with regard to the structure considering this technology differs from the purpose it is being used for. Technology which is being used for the manufacturing process differs from technology which would be used in measures such as communication. For technology in communication, then it means that the technology does not have much effect on the structure, but has more to do with the number of workers in the organization and needs for the company. Otherwise, technology is identified as a major change in the systems which are being employed in the company. Technology usually changes with time, and this change brings about a change in the management structure of the organization. For any advances which are made, there has to occur a change in the structure which culminates in increased efficiency and reduced costs for the company (Drinan, pg 81). The inception of new technology into a company brings about an end to many positions in the company, and thus the structure of power has to change. Size and technology go hand in hand in deciding the kind of structure that is employed to manage an organization. In management of any organization, there have to be controlled procedures which enable the identification of the power hierarchy. A company has to be able to control its workforce for it to run efficiently and meet its goals and the needs of the customers. The positive effects of a good control system enable the company to delegate managerial issues with the workforce. The carrying out of this is done through certain steps which enable any manager to get a clear picture of what’s going on throughout the organization. First of all, it enables the establishing the standards, which is a basis for the establishment of representing performance. Standards are used for referencing of the actual performance. It is always advisable for any manager to have set standards which allow them to create a mental picture of the goals they intend to get in their workforce. Part 3: Organizational Change Organizational change occurs with the transition of a company from a current state and into a state which they require to be. For change to become effective the management has to come up with ways to ensure that the process receives little or no resistance from the workers as well as the keeping of costs as minimal as possible. All this is done while ensuring that the effects expected from the change that are being carried out are at maximum. In today’s world, there has come the need for most companies to keep changing which is due to the changing phases of the markets, and if these companies intend to keep themselves in the competition, they have to change as well. Thus, the challenges of running a company have increased threefold in the new century and call for the manager to be very careful. With the coming in of globalization and change in technologies, companies now have to be much faster in their response to change. Change in a company may refer to exercises which are mu ch smaller such as the changing of the company’s software program, or a big change such as the changing of the company’s marketing strategy (Drinan, pg 117). There are various reasons why a company undertakes changes. For us to go into the details of problems which are faced in the changing of a company there is the need to first look at some change precipitators and schematics. First, let’s look at the reasons why a company may change. As one writer puts it, companies change because the environment they are in changes. The changing environments under which companies conduct business are the main reason as to why they change. Companies also change so as to incorporate new plans into their organization. This may not necessarily have to be a new feature which has come up in the industry, but rather something that the management feels is needed for the company to get to a particular point in revenues. Mainly, in the management of a company, a manager must be at a position to see new opportunities which are available for the company to expand, such as the case of Coca Cola Company entering the mineral water business. This was not a new product in the industry, but for the company, it was something they were yet to undertake, and the incorporation of such a move required them to refit and rethink their company strategies. This is usually the main reason for changes that are witnessed in the production industry, with many managers looking to grow the companies they run. There is the other reason for change which is the opposite of change which is the change precipitated by some problem faced by the organization. Problems may arise which force the managers and the major players to change their systems so as to adapt and be at a position to survive their problems. In most cases, the problem is to be found in the finances of the company where they are facing low returns or even going through losses. In many of these situations, the workers are the most afflicted by such changes, with such problems seeing many workers being laid off so that the company can reduce its expenditure and costs (Drinan, pg 125). Though this type of change is not very common, its effects are adverse and usually indicate that there is a new feature in the market which has led to this change, including recession. It is highly noted that most of the attempts by managers to change their systems meet a failure. There may be any reasons for this, with the managers in such positions being blamed. There are four areas in a company which are identified as a must deal, including; technology, strategy, structure and finally workforce. Though the change is carried out in a particular area of any of these, they are interlinked in that change in one must bring change in the other. If there are problems to be witnessed in the change by the mangers, these are the four areas which should be carefully observed by the managers. There are several areas which bring about problems in the change process, which include lack of enough information. Information into the matter being changed is very important in that it sheds light on what the team can expect in carrying out the change. Lack of information into the matter may be detrimental to the process since it means that the management team is going into the change process without any clear picture which would enable them to make estimates and create timetables. Time is very important in the change of the organization since it coincides with costs. The next step that might be expected in the making of changes in a company is the manager and his/her team not making decision upfront. This means that the manager and the team are not yet sure of what they are supposed to do, which forces them to go back to research every time a decision needs to be made on matters concerning the organizational change. The result of being so confused is that chances for mistakes increase with each query that arises as well as the factor that time is wasted with the manager needing time before coming up with a conclusive answer to the query. In changes which require the training of many people, problems usually arise with mass training of the workers. This is a bad strategy which may lead to the creation of knowledge gaps in the workforce. In big industries, each worker needs to be trained such that they are capable of handling their responsibilities effectively. This requires each worker to be very specialized, and thus, mass training of the workers may lead to the change process backfiring on the manager and the team responsible for this. Mass training is mainly used either to save the time taken for the change, or to directly save costs which will be incurred in the process. The promlem os liability commonly arises in the process of trying to make changes in a company. This refers to a case where there is one person who is deemed more knowledgeable and informed in the area and thus all the information is received from this person. Here, the person becomes a form of hero, and no one, not even the manager in some cases, dares to go against their word. In the changing process, there can be no clear cutway of doing things, mainly due to the fact that what worked in some other places does not necessarily have to work in the case scenario it is being retried (Drinan, pg 138). The belief that one is expert enough to provide all the information may lead to the eventual death of the company due to the fault lines which may occur with a difference from what they did before. A mistake that is common to managers and their teams in enacting change is not measuring the success they are having in the act of making the change. In many organizational changes, the results are measured at the end of the change so as to decide how successful it has been. This is very common and most of the available examples of companies which have enacted change in their organizations, even the successful ones, indicate that they measure their results at the end of the process. There is also the problem where companies have to use other companies’ strategies in trying to make their own change. Many companies try and copy the step by step process of another company that succeeded. Just like in the hero scenario, this is trying to bring problems which the company has not created but rather which were faced by other companies. It is not possible for a company to effectively follow what another company has done since both the times and the manpower in use are totally different, and the problems are bound to have evolved into another form. These are some of the major problems which companies face when trying to come up with organizational change in their companies. There are however some measures that the manager can take to ensure that they are successful. Though as we have said earlier, it is not possible to come up with a concrete plan for changing an organization because of the fluctuation of market changes that take place every day, there are some constant steps which may enable the manager and the team responsible for the change to ensure they have a smooth change process. One of these steps is to ensure they get all the right information on what is expected in the change process. Information may determine how successful the process becomes, and thus the team has to ensure they carry out all the research necessary, which is through the collection of data from previous companies which have carried out the same change versus the current market conditions. It is important the organization does not follow the exact procedure used by any other person or company, and instead sits down and creates own plan for the change process. This enables them to place the current data in the market into use and avoid over or underestimation of anything. Each process needs to be taken at a time. With time being of uttermost importance to the company, it is important that it is observed. Time will ensure that they stick to their plan, or timetable, which will save them costs, as well as keep their plans on track. Disobeying the rule on time brings about many negative effects for the process, and might lead to the eventual demise of the organizational change process. Works Cited Drinan, Tony. Issues in Management: Vce Business Management Units 3 and 4. Fitzroy, Vic: Warringal Publications, 2000. Print.

Facts About the Silk Road

The Silk Road And Its Effect On Every Aspect Of People s...

Though the magnitude of our trade today is unprecedented to history, its foundation can be linked to The Silk Road. The Silk Road is referred to an ancient network of trading routes that started around the 2nd century B.C, reaching its zenith around the time of the Tang dynasty (6th-9th c.) and declining in the late 14th century B.C. . Its origin dates back to the Han Dynasty where the Silk Road was used to reach out to surrounding cities and empires to develop alliances for trade. The original purpose for The Silk Road was to link China to Europe through trade and for political reasons, but later on merchants discovered that the route provided safer travel for carrying merchandise from place to place. Not long after merchants and nomads†¦show more content†¦Silk, although the most traded, was only one of a wide range of goods imported between Eastern and Western civilizations. Its importance lies not only in the traded merchandise and commodities but also in its development of new ideas, spread of religions, and exchange of knowledge and culture. The Silk Road stretched across the lands of Europe and the surrounding seas, connecting various societies, allowing them to come in contact with other cultures, traditions, and ideas. The Silk Road slowly threaded its way into the civilization of mankind making an inestimable contribution to its development. The interactions between these worlds reshaped the lives of the people from China to the Mediterranean. The Silk Road allowed for exploration of other lifestyles, places, and resources which helped shape early modern europe. The Silk Road led to new explorations, its purpose was prompted by the desire of humans to explore. Therefore, the desire to explore created and lead to new inspiration and piqued interest that built on top of their curiosity which resulted in the creation of The Silk Road, which then eventually lead to more explorations. It is only natural for human beings too long and yearn for things others have, that they lack. So it would seem appropriate that the ancients should want to go far beyond the walls of their society to discover unfamiliar territories, seeking to broaden their horizons,

Critique of Lars Eighners Dumpster Diving Essay Example For Students

Critique of Lars Eighners Dumpster Diving Essay Yesterday, I threw out an old jar of peanut butter with only about an inch of it left. It had not expired yet, but we had gotten a new jar, and that one simply tasted better. I wasnt supporting the homeless community, or being wasteful, I was just trying to make room in the cabinet. If I would have kept that inch of peanut butter, it wouldnt have made the worlds population of homeless people try to find work, nor want to get off the streets. Lars Eighner is suggesting that when we throw away things, homeless people can find a way to make use out of whatever it is. Therefore, if we dont want there to be bums on the street, it is inferred that we shouldnt throw anything extra out if we want to change that. To me, that is simply ridiculous. We all know, that if someone is desperate enough, they can make use out of almost anything, and some of those things non-homeless folk cant use anymore. Were not feeding or clothing the homeless intentionally, we cant help if people dig through our trash. So, not throwing away anything extra is not going to turn the vagabonds of the world into a fine, upstanding, or hard-working citizen of America. Obviously, I completely disagree with Eighners purpose in writing Dumpster Diving. I think the whole thing is preposterous. The way he makes a general assumption about how everybodys is wasteful is pure ignorance. It seem as if he is saying that the reason why people are homeless is because we throwing out things. Eighner is trying to tell us that people will remain homeless until we start saving more and wasting less, but thats not how it works. Most people dont choose to be homeless. Some even start out having their own companies, or just simply having jobs and comfortable live. . out and got a job. He stopped relying on the trash of people, and simply started working. People werent throwing out more or less, he just simply applied himself. Who cares what we throw out, its not going to make a difference. All-in-all, Eighner fails at his attempt to get us to stop wasting what we cant use. It is easy to see that its not our faults if people are homeless, because we are not contributing to that. Removing clutter and getting rid of junk does not keep people on the streets! Some people are just down-and-out, and theres nothing we can do to help or hurt that. Eighner needs to look at the man in the mirror and realize that if he didnt get a job because people cut off their garbage, then thats not the case. Even though Eighner disagrees with me, today, tomorrow, and the day after that, I will always throw away that inch of peanut butter.

PSY101 memories Essay Example

PSY101 memories Paper George Miller found that the average person is able to keep about ____ digits in mind at a time. seven When an old piece of information interferes with your proactive The memory problem called retroactive interference happens when leaning new information interferes with your memory of old information. Tim can remember what he had for lunch yesterday. This is an example of aan episodic memory. Explicit memory, also called ____ memory, can be clearly stated or explained declarative The memory of how to perform a task is implicit memory Endel Tulving, the cognitive psychologist, classifies memories according to the type of information stored. The two types of explicit memory described by Tulving are semantic and episodic memory. The memory of things that happen to us or occur in our life are referred to as episodic memory. Abe and Rose, who have been married for 13 years, are discussing the episodic Your recollection of the humiliating lecture you received after you were episodic Recall of what your professor said in class and recall of what you wore that day are semantic and episodic General knowledge of history, algebra, and literature refers to ____ memory. semantic The type of memory one would use to remember the seven wonders of the semantic memory. When stating I know. you are referring to a(n) ____ memory semantic; episodic In-line skating and tap dancing skills would be stored in ____ memory. implicit The distinction between semantic and procedural memory is what it was and how one did it. Which of the following is most likely to remain firmly embedded in how to swim Tracy took tennis lessons when she was very young but had not implicit Once we have learned the multiplication tables the recall of 6 times 6 is priming The story about a woman with amnesia who was able to dial her mothers implicit ____ memory is recalling information that was previously learned Retrospective; prospective Which of the following use prospective memory? none of the above The memory that tends to fail when we are feeling stressed, distracted, and prospective memory. Which of the following is not a type of prospective memory? knowledge-based tasks. Which of the following causes a decline in both prospective and retrospective memory? aging The process of changing information so that we can place it in memory is called encoding. The stages of information processing in memory are encoding, storage, and retrieval Jason, straining his eyes on the deck of a ship, is trying to memorize distant visual code. Which of the following is not a psychological format that can be sensory code Which of the following could be used to store The Star Spangled Banner song acoustic code What type of code represents stimuli in terms of their meaning? semantic code Ludwig, a cellist, is memorizing a musical composition by heart without reference to acoustic code. Mimi is memorizing the Bill of Rights in relation to the legal cases in semantic code. ____ means maintaining information over time. Storage Mentally repeating a list or saying it to yourself refers to maintenance rehearsal By mentally repeating a telephone number after looking it up for the maintenance rehearsal While doing his homework, Joe noticed that he was having difficulty with metamemory. Our awareness of the functioning of our memory is defined by psychologists as metamemory. Extending the semantic meaning of something you already know refers to elaborative rehearsal. Using the phrase Elvis Guitar Broke Down on Friday to remember the elaborative rehearsal. The process of locating and returning information to consciousness is retrieval. Locating stored information and returning it to consciousness is retrieval. The correct order of events in memory processing is encoding, storage, and retrieval Sofia is taking a chemistry exam. She has not studied conscientiously for encoding failure Roberto is taking a physics exam. Although he has studied thoroughly information retrieval The process by which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved is called memory. Atkinson and Shiffrin proposed the three stages of memory referred to as sensory, short-term, and long-term n the Atkinson and Shiffrin stages of memory, the progress of information determines whether and how long information is retained. The eyes fixate from point to point several times each second. This is called saccadic eye movements. While Tanya is visiting the pet store she looks down an aisle and catches both a and b Humans experience a stream of consciousness rather than discrete sensory memory briefly holds perceptions, making them seem connected. The stage of memory that first encounters stimuli is called sensory. If an image of Abraham Lincolns face was flashed on memory trace. The turn of the century psychologist McDougall found four or five letters in a single fixation In 1960, George Sperling modified McDougalls method of ____ whole-report procedure; partial-report procedure George Sperlings experiment determined that both a and b. The significance of Sperlings partial-report procedure study is sensory Psychologist believe that we possess a sensory register for each of our sensory systems. Mental representations of visual stimuli are referred to as ____ icons; iconic Another term for photographic memory is eidetic imagery. Photographic memory involves iconic memory and eidetic imagery. What causes the flow of visual information to iconic memory Visual experience appears as a smooth and continuous iconic memory; saccadic eye movements You are taking notes, while listening to a lecture echoes; echoic Visual images are to ____ memory as auditory images are to iconic; echoic The sensory register that holds the mental representations echoic memory. Memory traces of sounds decay more slowly than those of visual stimuli. The memory that enables one to hold information for both a and b. One will generally encode visual stimuli into auditory both a and b Visual stimuli are most commonly retained in short-term memory by encoding visual stimuli as sounds that can be rehearsed Aaron has just been given a telephone number of a around 10 seconds Dana can only remember a few of the first and last items on her serial-position effect. Information at the beginning and end of a list tends to be more easily recalled than serial-position effect. Jim had received driving directions to his destination from the middle of the sequence. Paul can only remember the conclusions of his speech. This is an example of the serial-position effect. Amy is trying to remember her social security number, while Rehearse the set of numbers keeping them in the 3 chunks format. According to George Miller the number of pieces of information the average person can easily recall after a single exposure. After a single presentation, Megan can recall her friends chunking The typical maximum number of chunks of information that can be held is seven. The telephone number of Brads financial services firm is it consists of only two chunks of information that are meaningfully related to his business. The ability to remember the letters of the alphabet or the words in the rote memory. Mechanical association learning used by an actor to memorize his lines rote memory. Preventing rehearsal can ____ information contained in short-term memory. reduce The appearance of new information in short-term memory limited. The process by which new information displaces older information in the capacity of short-term memory is variable According to Atkinson and Shiffren, the third stage of information processing is long-term memory. Which of the following statements would Freud disagree with Our ideas and perceptions may appear lost because they were never properly encoded. The evidence for the popular idea that all of our experiences are arguable. The way in which we conceptualize our worlds, our beliefs, and o schemas. Rosalind, a forward on the womens basketball team, has invited Bryce She does not fit his schema of her dresses. A person that reconstructs their experience according to their prejudices is allowing a schema to influence their recall. Loftus and Palmer showed people a film of a car crash and then asked them to smashed into The idea that long-term memories are recollections of a car crash can be influenced by the way in which it is labeled. All of the following are problems with eyewitness testimony EXCEPT Children make better witnesses because they are less suggestible than adults. Elizabeth Loftus research on eyewitness memory suggests that memory All of the above According to Elizabeth Loftus, the most significant cause of memory is misleading information Experts suggest that witnesses to a crime contaminate their own memory of the event. The Lost in the Mall study illustrated that both a and b Which of the following is NOT true regarding long-term memory? There is a tendency to replace new information with old information. Danielle, a college senior, is trying to remember the names she has not yet found the cues that will help her retrieve the information from long-term memory A psychology student wants to know how to remember the elaborative The difference between rote learning and meaningful learning is maintenance rehearsal and elaborative rehearsal. Some language arts teachers like to say, Another language, another soul. The elaborative rehearsal. While studying for an astronomy exam, Haley realizes that the swirling motion of elaborative rehearsal. Craik and Lockhart argue that memory storage and recall depends upon the ____ depth The ____ model of memory proposes that memory consists of levels-of-processing Henry learned that the word diplomat originates from two Greek stems elaborative rehearsal What is meant by the word deeply in the statement All of the above Which of the following is an example of processing new information deeply. both a and b Susan, Judd, and Melanie work at a music store in the mall Judd The mnemonic device i before e except after c is based upon a(n) semantic code Benjamin can remember exactly where he was and what he was doing flashbulb memory. Emotionally charged events that arrest public interest, like the attacks of flashbulb memories. The vivid, detailed recollection of what you were doing when you learned about flashbulb memory. Flashbulb memories seem vivid for Dramatic events stimulate the brain to produce exact or photographic memories. Which of the following is true regarding long-term memory organization? All of the above ____ is formed in long-term memory by organizing information into groups Hierarchical structure Using the hierarchical structure of your long-term memory of All of the above Evan met Lesley at a party last week. He sees her again a few weeks after tip of the tongue phenomenon. Zelda is trying to remember the name of the actor who played the lead in the tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) phenomenon. One conclusion of Brown and McNeils classic study of the acoustic and semantic codes. Some of the participants in the Brown and McNeil TOT experiments proved to incomplete or imperfect learning. Research suggests that our memories of the past are people tend to seek out positive events and avoid negative ones Evidence from a number of studies demonstrates that recall is ____ worse; context-dependent Jill prefers to study for tests in the classroom where the tests are context-dependant Jennie returned to her elementary school when she was visiting her context-dependent memory Detective Rawlings asked Harry, a witness to a mugging, to mentally reconstruct the context-dependent memory Dà ©jà   vu is an example of ____ memory. context-dependant One afternoon Amanda could not remember where she left her purse. In the state-dependent memory In the effects of mood on memory, a happy mood may evoke state-dependent memory. Brooke drinks so much coffee that she Drink enough coffee to give herself the jitters again The classic studies that first made use of nonsense syllables in the study of Hermann Ebbinghaus. Remembering nonsense syllables is difficult because they are acoustic coding and maintenance rehearsal. A student taking a multiple-choice exam generally relies on the ____ recognition n preparing for the 40th high school reunion, Jill and Ed correctly identified recognition. In taking the position that only fill-in-the-blank tests are suitable for recall The memory task for most of the items in a multiple-choice test, such as recognition. Nonsense syllables are sometimes arranged as paired associates, recall. The paired associates task is used to measure the ____ memory task. recall Peter, a participant in a paired associate learning experiment, noted that both semantic and acoustic encoding The difference between the number of times required to learn savings. The concept of method of savings was developed by Ebbinghaus to study relearning In Ebbinghauss classic curve of forgetting, the greatest memory loss occurs most rapidly just after the material is initially learned Forgetting that occurs because new information inhibits the retrieval of interference theory. According to interference theory we forget material because a and b only Joy just learned to speak French, but she notices retroactive interference. Beatrice took four years of Spanish in high school. In college she studied retroactive interference At college Jim is learning to speak French, but he keeps using proactive interference. George just bought a new laptop computer after years of using a proactive interference. Which of the following statements is true regarding Freuds concept of repression? All of the above Psychoanalysts believe that dissociative amnesia involves repression. Freds history professor exhibits traits similar to those of repression. Bill recently found out that when he was a child his dog, which he thought was repression. The lack of support for the existence of recovered memories is based on Both a and b Freud discovered that many patients could not recall episodes that infantile The text presents several methods to improve memory skills. Which Avoid using familiar associations. In the Method of Loci, the material to be learned is associated with familiar images. The memory strategy called ____ relies on forming associations by linking two items mediation Mnemonic devices can incorporate chunks of information into a format such as all of the above A psychoanalytical explanation of infantile amnesia would include a and b only Which of the following is a physiological factor contributing to infantile amnesia? both b and c Jessica was upset because she was unable to remember her 4th birthday party a or b In ____ amnesia, there are memory lapses for the period following a trauma anterograde Anterograde amnesia interferes with many memory processes such as all of the above One of the symptoms of anterograde amnesia is a failure to establish memories after the injury, but a preservation of memories prior to the injury. Bill was in an automobile accident. The events just prior to the accident are still a retrograde Which of the following is a cognitive factor associated with infantile amnesia? Infants do not reliably use language to symbolize or classify events. In ____ amnesia, the trauma prevents patients from remembering events that retrograde The surviving bodyguard in Princess Dianas car was unable to recall retrograde amnesia. The clinical effects of head trauma suggest a period of consolidation ____ are viewed as electrical circuits in the brain that correspond to memory traces. Engrams In searching for the engram, Karl Lashley was in reality looking for the biological memory. Which of the following are thought to be involved in the biochemical process of both a and b Research on the biology of memory involving the visual cortex of memories may have neural correlates at specific sites When sea snails, such as Aplysia and Hermissenda, are conditioned, serotonin The enhanced efficiency in a synapse after brief rapid stimulation that makes long-term potentiation. Low levels of ____ are correlated with memory loss in Alzheimers disease. acetylcholine All of the following naturally occurring chemical substances have been adrenaline and noradrenaline. The structural changes in the brain that take place with the formation of hippocampus. Joe is a long-term alcoholic who has great difficulty storing new information in hippocampus After a stroke destroyed a large area of his frontal lobe, Dwight was less able to integrate place and time. It appears that storage bins for long-term memories are located in different brain areas. What part of the memory system is the prefrontal cortex thought to play? executive center After an industrial accident in which he experienced a penetrating hippocampus. Damage to the ____ disrupts the formation of ____ memories thalamus; verbal

Consitution, Declaration of Independence, & Bill of Rights essays

Consitution, Declaration of Independence, & Bill of Rights essays Although many people today get them mixed up, the Constitution, the Declaration of Independence, and the Bill of Rights each had a specific purpose and use. The Declaration of Independence, for example, was written in 1776 and was the Americans way of telling Britain that they had put up with enough of her unfair policies and actions, and they wished to depart from the British Empire. Instead of just saying the American Colonies wanted out, plain and simple, the document was written in such a way where it pointed out exactly what the British (more specifically, the king) had done to bring the situation to such a breaking point, justifying their need for separation. After the war was over, the new country was still divided into independent states, which in turn kept the immediate success of America on hold. There were those in this country that saw the need for the states to band together and have a strong national government. Each state selected representatives that were sent to Philadelphia to work out a plan to help the country succeed. Through all of the debate and arguments, the Constitution was formed, taking place of the Articles of Confederation. The main idea that came from the Constitution was the power of the national government was divided into three branches. By doing so, the fear of having a leader-turned-tyrant would be eliminated. It also fixed the loopholes of the Articles of Confederation, which did not give the government the right to regulate trade or collect taxes. This new document was very specific and set out a guideline to work with. After the Constitution was written, it had to be ratified by nine out of thir teen state conventions. Seven were gathered without much of a problem, but the remaining six held off. After much persuasion, eventually nine states were gathered (all but New York, North Carolina, Virginia, and Rhode Island). Washington, Madison, and Jefferson, who all went into t...

Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 7

Law - Essay Example uring all the computers are password protected, installation of antivirus, and firewalls in all the computers at home is one of the most important facets that must be adhered to reduce this vice. In addition to this securing VIOP networks helps in controlling e-crime. On the other hand it is important to understand that e-crime can easily be detected through installation of cookies which provides information about any illegal users of the network currently in use. Although it is always difficult to detect hackers, the field of computer forensic helps in detecting this vice. Apart from the basics of computer protection like passwords and firewalls, computer forensics can detect any sound and digital information that may have been routed out or into the computer system. It is important to understand that e-crime is punishable by the federal state. According to the office of Maine AG e-crimes are felonies which are punishable by up to six months incarcerations and $ 1,000

Beneth the serface of developmental dyslexia Annotated Bibliography

Beneth the serface of developmental dyslexia - Annotated Bibliography Example In addition, the article presents the three strategies that constitute development of reading. The three strategies include logographic, orthographic and alphabetic skills. The logographic skills relate to the immediate recognition of familiar words. Frith explains that the process of recognizing words require component of salient graphic to serve as important cues. The article precisely defines orthographic skills as an instantaneous analysis of words into the orthographic units. On the other hand, alphabetic skills connote the use and knowledge of each grapheme and phoneme as well as their correspondences. The article extends to present the inherent failures that each of the three principles possesses. However, the article fails to provide a credible developmental model, which explains its limitation. Even though Frith presents substantial work in this article, a need still lies to present credible model, which can function to alert individuals to the existing fallacy that acquired and developmental disorders are

DuPont Case Analysis Essay Example for Free

DuPont Case Analysis Essay INTRODUCTION: DuPont was established in the year 1802 by French Chemist, E.I DuPont de Nemours in USA. DuPont became successful by the end of third year and it started exporting back to its continent, Europe. In the span of these 200 years, it had shaped into a global company with variety of enterprises like Chemical, Energy, Science Based and High Technology. It maximized its manufacturing or processing operations in 40 countries and its products were sold in 150 places by the end of 1990. The company’s one third revenue comes from the European market from 1960. There are 50 companies, which employed more than 19,000 people in 14 countries of Europe. The scientists of DuPont developed the synthetic fibres industry by introducing nylon. They were the leading manufacturer of manmade fibres in the world. The most important product of DuPont is â€Å"Carpet Fibre†. This division was setup in Geneva, Switzerland which holds the RD, marketing and production areas. Products were produced in the UK and the sales offices are in Germany, the UK, France, Belgium, Spain, Scandinavia, and Holland. CASE CONTEXT: DuPont’s product nylon carpet fibre is not different from other fibres available in the market; however they were the top players in fibre industry. The parameters like color and texture are the factors that differ in the carpets. The fibre industry has nothing to do with these things. The carpet industry is concerned with these directly and they in turn led to the wholesalers, retailers and in turn to the customers. From the consumers point of view the carpet should be colorful, its texture is important and it should be easily maintained. DuPont has done extensive research on the customers third interest i.e. maintenance and founded the â€Å"Stain Master† that would allow to remove the stains permanently. With this invention, DuPont’s market share increased by 5%. This was first introduced in USA, later on with minor changes it has been launched in Europe. It gave mixed results for the company. DuPont’s decision is that the mills should have certain quality to use the process of stain master. In Germany, many mills felt that they don’t have these standards set by them; hence they didn’t show interest in the product. The UK market and France market reacted positively. Many companied executed the same formulae by giving low quality material at lower prices. This led to the stake of DuPont’s position in the market by 1980. FACTS: DuPont conducted research in the European Industry after the decline of its position in the market. They came to know some important facts: Flow of DuPont’s Fibres: DuPont’s Fibres Carpet Mills Wholesalers Retailers End Users The carpet mills are concentrated in only three countries the UK, France and Belgium. 80-20 rule is applied in European market; 80% of the business is carried but top 20% manufacturers. To stimulate the market, they used the help of Style Books to the wholesalers and retailers. They were not loyal customers to the fibre industry. They focused on the company that provides material at the best price. Retail and Wholesale operations are very different in these countries. In Germany  wholesalers dominated in the UK and Belgium retailers dominated the supply chain. PROBLEM: DuPont concentrated only on the carpet mills and they didn’t make any effort in knowing the end users. They invested money in RD for making innovations in fibres that is to be supplied to the carpet mills. They are least bothered to know about the customers. ALTERNATIVES: DuPont need to concentrate on the techniques that value the customers without affecting the supply chain. As carpet mills are the important customers to DuPont, they need to retain them. â€Å"Creating loyal customers is at the heart of every business†-Don Peppers and Martha Rogers. Identify the â€Å"Customer Benefit† and â€Å"Customer Cost† of the users and provide the product at â€Å"Customer-perceived value† (CPV). Monitor the satisfaction of the customer by conducting surveys. ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES: In Europe, there are 60 carpet mills that can level DuPont’s standards; however only 50% of them are using their fibres. Rest of them wandering around for best price. The mills using DuPont’s fibres should be retained and they need to analyze the CPV value and set the â€Å"price† accordingly. The â€Å"place† is also very important for setting the price as European market is fragmented unlike USA market which is having only four players. The customers give least preference to carpets when they are buying house- hold equipments. They are not enjoying or admiring to shop for carpeting as it is just a blanket to protect the floor. Customers spend at least 10 weeks in buying the carpets.52% Customers buy carpets if the existing one is worn out. Repurchase cycle for carpets is 12 years. Customers are not satisfied with the product information. The retailers and wholesalers are not providing full information. They are not providing information on price, color, fitting rooms and quality. If â€Å"product† and â€Å"service† quality is maintained, customers would retain with them only. They didn’t â€Å"promote† their products. RECOMMENDATIONS: Retain the customers by giving them offers that attracts them easily. Provide sample fibres to 50% carpet mills that are not using DuPont’s material and offer a price that satisfy their needs. Provide a portal for the customers to choose their own color and design according to their choices by collaborating with mills. Provide better customer care services by training the retailers and wholesalers. Provide catalogues to the customers for better awareness of the product, whether it is retailer, wholesaler or final end user. PLAN OF ACTION: Identify the customers who are loyal to the company, give them incentives and promote the product brand. Select the location where sales of the company are not up to the mark and apply the alternatives to them i.e. setting price and giving offers to the carpet mills. Later on collaborate with the mills in that location and train the wholesalers and retailers about the product and give them the full information along with the catalogues. Provide better services to the customers by setting a portal where they can choose their own designs and place order to the carpet mills. Implement the above mentioned steps for three months and find the sales growth. Spread the plan if it worked in the selected location, by making minute changes to it according to the location. CONTINGENCY PLAN: Since DuPont is an expert and leading manufacturer in the manmade fibres, it can go for â€Å"VERTICAL INTEGRATION†. Instead of supplying fibres to carpet mills, it can set up a mill and manufacture carpets. It can directly deal with the customers. The above mentioned plan can be executed without the intervention of the mills. The Customer Satisfaction can be monitored and it can get to know the loopholes in the process and thus leading to correction of the mistakes and increasing the sales growth of the company.

Smoking Cigarettes :: Argumentative Persuasive Example Essays

The Silent Killer Intro- Hello everyone, if you don’t already know, my name is Greg Mrowka, and I’m here to talk to you about the silent killer, smoking. My goal in telling you about smoking is that you yourselves will not one day become a casualty in the war on smoking. I myself am already in the numbers as one of the addicted, potential casualties. From experience, and through witnessing many deaths on behalf of smoking I believe I am well qualified on telling you about this subject. Goals- Firstly I will tell about the propaganda behind smoking and what influences people to turn to smoking, then I will tell you about the ill-effects that smoking propositions for all of it’s customers, and finally I will tell you about how to avoid or quit smoking. Influences- The first and seemingly strongest influence is peer pressure Second are advertisements made to young teens and children as well as a majority of the black community Oral citation-Of all people who have ever tried a cigarette, 88 percent tried their first cigarette by age 18. - â€Å"Tobacco Use Among Young People: A Report of the Surgeon General," 1994, p. 67. Citation-Every day, the tobacco companies get about 3,000 new customers -- kids. - 3000/day new customers: JAMA, January 6, 1989 Ill-effects-several diseases can be contracted from the use of cigarettes., these include: cancer, hair loss, wrinkles, buerger’s disease, psoriasis, heart illness, impotence, cervical cancer, ulcers, discoloration of teeth and fingers, osteoporosis, hearing loss, etc All of these ailments will be detailed on the visual aid How to quit or not smoke- The easiest ways to prevent smoking are simple, most smokers start smoking at a young age, if you don’t smoke while your in school, you are more likely not to smoke later on. Keep yourself away from smoker scenes, avoid being in restaurants that allow smoking. To quit is hardThey also know that of the ones who try to quit only about 3% succeed. - Those who try to quit: 3% succeed: MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WEEKLY REPORT, CDC, DECEMBER 23, 1994 Where's our right to quit? Tobacco companies know that 70% of smokers want to quit but can’t. - 70% of smokers want to quit but can’t: http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/research_data/bka/ythaddct.htm However here are ways, but they include drastic changes in life style†¦One way is to simply alter your day to day activities, try public transport instead of driving, because you cant smoke there, go to different restaurants and if necessary hang out with your usual friends less often.

Paleolithic and Neolithic Ages Ap History

Paleolithic and Neolithic Ages The Neolithic Age changed the way people live now a days for many reasons. First of all, in this era agriculture was very important. People could farm instead of hunting and gathering and also they could settle down in one place. People also began to live in small communities. Settling down in one place meant more food and free time. This started trade because there were food surpluses and began the first forms of government. There were many things to be done so they divided work up among everyone in the small community.This was the very beginning of the way we live today. The Paleolithic Age is the Old Stone Age ending in 1200 B. C. E. were stone tools were used for hunting and gathering. People used tools such as clubs and choppers to crack open bones. Tools in this era were mainly made to use for shelter, defense, and keepings of food and clothing. These people believed in an afterlife which was similar to actual life on Earth because they were provi ded with all the tools, weapons and necessities needed to survive which was stated in document 1.In this age scholars believed that their ancestors lived in a world of spirits and shown in document 2 these people were hunters. The Neolithic Age is the New Stone Age between 8000 and 5000 B. C. E. were the adaptation of sedentary agriculture occurred and were domestication of plants and animals occurred. This is the era where people began to develop social groups and create civilizations and stop moving from place to place. Stated in the document 4 people began to depend more on animals and less on plants.They followed herds of animals instead of just one to get more food and eventually create a surplus. The animals that they herded gave them the fertilizer for agriculture. In document 5 it says that there were settled farming communities and they began to create a council to make decisions on what to harvest. Settled people had more personal property. These differences were so import ant because of the technology and ways of life that these people started to create.If the people from the Paleolithic and Neolithic ages didn’t discover the things that they did our world today would be totally different. There are many possibilities on what our life would be like today if these people didn’t start a foundation for us. In conclusion, as you can see the Neolithic age changed how we live greatly. They started the first forms of agriculture and created small communities of people. People settled in one place and began to trade for work. What do you think life would be like if people from these two eras didn’t start the things they did for us?

The History of How Time Zones Came to Be

Prior to the late nineteenth century, time keeping was a purely local phenomenon. Each town would set their clocks to noon when the sun reached its zenith each day. A clockmaker or town clock would be the official time and the citizens would set their pocket watches and clocks to the time of the town. Enterprising citizens would offer their services as mobile clock setters, carrying a watch with the accurate time to adjust the clocks in customers homes on a weekly basis. Travel between cities meant having to change ones pocket watch upon arrival. However, once railroads began to operate and move people rapidly across great distances, time became much more critical. In the early years of the railroads, the schedules were very confusing because each stop was based on a different local time. The standardization of time was essential to efficient operation of railroads. The History of the Standardization of Time Zones In 1878, Canadian Sir Sandford Fleming proposed the system of worldwide time zones that we use today. He recommended that the world be divided into twenty-four time zones, each spaced 15 degrees of longitude apart. Since the earth rotates once every 24 hours and there are 360 degrees of longitude, each hour the earth rotates one-twenty-fourth of a circle or 15 degrees of longitude. Sir Flemings time zones were heralded as a brilliant solution to a chaotic problem worldwide. United States railroad companies began utilizing Flemings standard time zones on November 18, 1883. In 1884 an International Prime Meridian Conference was held in Washington D.C. to standardize time and select the prime meridian. The conference selected the longitude of Greenwich, England as zero degrees longitude and established the 24 time zones based on the prime meridian. Although the time zones had been established, not all countries switched immediately. Though most U.S. states began to adhere to the Pacific, Mountain, Central, and Eastern time zones by 1895, Congress didnt make the use of these time zones mandatory until the Standard Time Act of 1918. How Different Regions of the Word Use Time Zones Today, many countries operate on variations of the time zones proposed by Sir Fleming. All of China (which should span five time zones) uses a single time zone -- eight hours ahead of Coordinated Universal Time (known by the abbreviation UTC, based on the time zone running through Greenwich at 0 degrees longitude). Australia uses three time zones -- its central time zone is a half-hour ahead of its designated time zone. Several countries in the Middle East and South Asia also utilize half-hour time zones. Since time zones are based on segments of longitude and lines of longitude narrow at the poles, scientists working at the North and South Poles simply use UTC time. Otherwise, Antarctica would be divided into 24 very thin time zones! The time zones of the United States are standardized by Congress and although the lines were drawn to avoid populated areas, sometimes theyve been moved to avoid complication. There are nine time zones in the U.S. and its territories, they include Eastern, Central, Mountain, Pacific, Alaska, Hawaii-Aleutian, Samoa, Wake Island, and Guam. With the growth of the Internet and global communication and commerce, some have advocated a new worldwide time system.